An heir apparent is an heir who, short of a fundamental change in the situation, cannot be displaced from inheriting.

An heir presumptive An heir presumptive is the person provisionally scheduled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honor, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of an heir apparent or of a new heir presumptive with a better claim to the throne. When lowercased, "heir presumptive" can refer generally to someone who is provisionally, by contrast, is an heir currently in line to inherit a title, but who could be displaced at any time by certain events.

Today these terms most commonly describe heirs to hereditary titles Hereditary titles, in a general sense, are titles, positions or styles that are hereditary and thus tend or are bound to remain in particular families, particularly monarchies A monarchy is a form of government in which all political power is absolutely or nominally lodged with an individual or individuals. As a political entity, the monarch is the head of state, generally until their death or abdication, and "is wholly set apart from all other members of the state." The person who heads a monarchy is called a. They are also used metaphorically to indicate an "anointed" successor to any position of power, e.g., a political or corporate leader.

The phrase is only occasionally found used as a title, where it usually is capitalized ("Heir Apparent"). Most monarchies give (or gave) the heir apparent the title of Crown Prince or a more specific title, such as Prince of Orange Prince of Orange is a title of nobility, originally associated with the Principality of Orange, now in southern France in the Netherlands, Prince of Asturias Prince of Asturias is the historical (and under the Spanish Constitution of 1978, the official) title given to the heir apparent to the Spanish throne. It was also the title under the earlier kingdom of Castille. The current Prince of Asturias is Felipe, son of King Juan Carlos of Spain and Queen Sofia. Contrary to practice in other than Iberian in Spain, or Prince of Wales Prince of Wales is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (and formerly the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, before that the Kingdom of Great Britain and before that the Kingdom of England) and the fifteen other independent Commonwealth in the United Kingdom. See crown prince A Crown Prince or Crown Princess is the heir or heiress apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The wife of a crown prince is also titled crown princess for more examples.

This article primarily describes the term heir apparent in a hereditary system regulated by laws of primogeniture— as opposed to cases where a monarch has a say in naming the heir.

Heir apparent versus heir presumptive

In a hereditary system governed by some form of primogeniture Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the first-born to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings. Historically, the term implied male primogeniture, to the exclusion of females. According to the Norman tradition, the first-born son inherited the entirety of a parent's wealth, estate, title or office and then would, an heir apparent is easily identifiable as the person whose position as first in the line of succession In hereditary monarchies the order of succession determines who becomes the new monarch when the incumbent sovereign dies or vacates the throne. Such orders of succession generally specify a selection process, by law or tradition, which is applied to indicate which relative of the previous monarch, or other person, has the strongest claim to is secure, regardless of future births. An heir presumptive An heir presumptive is the person provisionally scheduled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honor, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of an heir apparent or of a new heir presumptive with a better claim to the throne. When lowercased, "heir presumptive" can refer generally to someone who is provisionally, by contrast, can always be "bumped down" in the succession by the birth of somebody more closely related in a legal sense (according to that form of primogeniture) to the current title-holder.

The clearest example occurs in the case of a title-holder with no children. If at any time they produce children, they (the offspring of the title-holder) rank ahead of whatever more "distant" relative (the title-holder's sibling, perhaps, or a nephew or cousin) previously was heir presumptive.

Many legal systems assume childbirth is always possible, regardless of age or health. The possibility of a fertile octogenarian, though slim in reality, is never ruled out. In such circumstances a person may be, in a practical sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive.

Daughters in male-preference primogeniture

Daughters (and their lines) may inherit titles that descend according to male-preference primogeniture, but only in default of sons (and their heirs). That is, a female has just as much right to a place in the order of succession as a male, but ranks behind her brothers, regardless of their age.

Thus, normally, even an only daughter will not be her father's (or mother's) heiress apparent, since at any time a brother might be born who, though younger, would be heir apparent. Hence, she is an heiress presumptive.

For example, Queen Elizabeth II Elizabeth II is the queen regnant of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms, listed here in order of length of possession by the Crown: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, was heiress presumptive during the reign of her father, King George VI George VI was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India (until 1947), the last king of Ireland (until 1949), and the first Head of the Commonwealth, because at any stage up to his death, George could have fathered a legitimate son. Indeed, when Queen Victoria Victoria was the Queen regnant of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India of the British Raj from 1 May 1876, until her death. Her reign as the Queen lasted 63 years and 7 months, longer than that of any other British monarch before or since, and her reign is the longest of any female succeeded her uncle King William IV William IV was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830. William, the third son of George III and younger brother and successor to George IV, was the last king and penultimate monarch of the House of Hanover, the wording of the proclamation even gave as a caveat Caveat , the third-person singular present subjunctive of the Latin cavere, means "warning" (or more literally, "let him beware", "let her beware" or "let it beware"); it can be shorthand for Latin phrases such as::

"...saving the rights of any issue of his late Majesty King William IV, which may be born of his late Majesty's consort."

This provided for the possibility that William's wife, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen was the queen consort of the United Kingdom and of Hanover as spouse of William IV of the United Kingdom. The Australian city of Adelaide is named after her, was pregnant at the moment of his death—since such a child, if born and regardless of the gender of the child, would have displaced Victoria from the throne.^[1]

Women as heirs apparent

Obviously, in a system of absolute primogeniture that does not consider gender, female heirs apparent occur. Several European monarchies that have adopted such systems in the last few decades furnish practical examples: Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden is the oldest child of King Carl XVI Gustaf and is his heir apparent; Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, Princess Elisabeth of Belgium, and Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway was born 21 January 2004 at 9:13am in Rikshospitalet University Hospital in Oslo. She weighed 3,686 grams and was 51 centimetres (20 inches) long are all heirs apparent to their fathers (who are in each case heir apparent to their respective countries' thrones). Victoria was not heiress apparent from birth (in 1977), but gained the status in 1980 following a change in the Swedish Act of Succession. Her younger brother Carl Philip (born 1979) was thus heir apparent for a few months.

But even in legal systems (such as the UK's) that apply male-preference primogeniture, female heirs apparent are by no means impossible: if a male heir apparent dies leaving no sons but at least one daughter, then the eldest daughter would replace her father as heir apparent to whatever throne or title is concerned, but only when it has become clear that the widow of the deceased isn't pregnant. Then, as the representative of her father's line she would place ahead of any more distant relatives. Such a situation has not to date occurred with the English or British throne; several times an heir apparent has died, but each example has either been childless or left a son or sons. However, there have been several female heirs apparent to British peerages (e.g. Frances Ward, 6th Baroness Dudley, and Henrietta Wentworth, 6th Baroness Wentworth).

In one special case, however, England and Scotland had a female heir apparent. The Revolution The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England together with his wife Mary II settlement The Bill of Rights is an act of the Parliament of England, whose title is An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown. It is often called the English Bill of Rights that established William William III was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as & and Mary Mary II was Queen regnant of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 until her death. Mary, a Protestant, came to the thrones following the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the deposition of her Roman Catholic father, James II and VII. Mary reigned jointly with her husband and first cousin, William III and II, who became the sole ruler of as joint monarchs in 1689 only gave the power to continue the succession through issue to Mary II, eldest daughter of the previous king, James II James II & VII was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Increasingly Britain's political and religious leaders opposed him as too pro-French, too pro-Catholic, and too much of an. William, by contrast, was to reign for life only, and his (hypothetical) children by a wife other than Mary would be placed in his original place (as Mary's first cousin) in the line of succession – after Mary's younger sister Anne Anne became Queen regnant of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702, succeeding her brother-in-law and cousin, William III of England and II of Scotland. Her Catholic father, James II and VII, was deemed by the English Parliament to have abdicated when he was forced to retreat to France during the Glorious Revolution of 1688/9; her brother-. Thus, although after Mary's death William continued to reign, he had no power to beget direct heirs,^[2] and Anne became the heir apparent for the remainder of William's reign. She eventually succeeded him as Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Displacement of heirs apparent

The position of an heir apparent is normally unshakable: it can be assumed they will inherit. Sometimes, however, extraordinary events—such as the death or the deposition of the parent—intervene.

People who lost heir apparent status

• Parliament deposed James Francis Edward Stuart Prince James, Prince of Wales was the son of the deposed James II of England (James VII of Scotland). As such, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III of England and Ireland and James VIII of Scotland) from the death of his father in 1701, when he was proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV, the infant son of King James II & VII James II & VII was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Increasingly Britain's political and religious leaders opposed him as too pro-French, too pro-Catholic, and too much of an (of England and Scotland respectively) whom James II was raising as a Catholic, as the King's legal heir apparent—declaring that James had, de facto, abdicated Abdication is the act of renouncing and resigning from a formal office, especially from the supreme office of state. In Roman law the term was also applied to the disowning of a family member, as the disinheriting of a son. The term commonly applies to monarchs, or those who have been formally crowned. A similar term for an elected or appointed— and offered the throne to James's oldest daughter, the young prince's much older Protestant Protestantism is one of the four major divisions within Christianity together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and the Roman Catholic Church. The term is most closely tied to those groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation half-sister, Mary Mary II was Queen regnant of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 until her death. Mary, a Protestant, came to the thrones following the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the deposition of her Roman Catholic father, James II and VII. Mary reigned jointly with her husband and first cousin, William III and II, who became the sole ruler of (along with her husband, Prince William of Orange William III was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as &). When the exiled King James died in 1701, his Jacobite Jacobitism was the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, and the Kingdom of Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII supporters proclaimed the exiled Prince James Francis Edward as King James III of England and James VIII of Scotland; but neither he nor his descendents were ever successful in their bids for the throne.
• Crown Prince Gustav (later known as Gustav, Prince of Vasa), son of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden Gustav IV Adolf was King of Sweden from 1792 until his abdication in 1809. He was the son of Gustav III of Sweden and his queen consort Sophia Magdalena, eldest daughter of Frederick V of Denmark and his first wife Louise of Great Britain. He was the last Swedish ruler of Finland. Gustavia in Swedish Pomerania was named after him, but was lost in lost his place when his father was deposed and replaced by his aged uncle, the Duke Carl, who became Charles XIII of Sweden Charles XIII & II (Stockholm, 7 October 1748 – Stockholm, 5 February 1818), was King of Sweden (as Charles XIII) from 1809 and King of Norway (as Charles II) from 1814 until his death. He was the second son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, sister of Frederick the Great in 1809. The aged King Charles XIII did not have surviving sons, and Prince Gustav was the only living male of the whole dynasty (besides his deposed father), but the prince was never regarded as heir of Charles XIII, although there were groups in the Riksdag and elsewhere in Sweden who desired to preserve him, and, in the subsequent constitutional elections, supported his election as his great-uncle's successor. Instead, the government proceeded to have a new crown prince elected (which was the proper constitutional action, if no male heir was left in the dynasty), and the Riksdag elected first August, Prince of Augustenborg, and then, after the death of the latter, the Prince of Ponte Corvo (Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte Charles XIV & III John , born Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, later renamed Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden (as Karl XIV Johan) and King of Norway (as Karl III Johan) from 1818 until his death. He was also the first Sovereign Prince of Pontecorvo, Italy).
• Prince Carl Philip of Sweden, at his birth in 1979, was heir apparent to the throne of Sweden. A year later a change in that country's succession laws instituted absolute primogeniture, and Carl Philip was supplanted as heir apparent by his elder sister Victoria.

Breaching legal qualification of heirs apparent

In some jurisdictions, an heir apparent can automatically lose that status by breaching certain constitutional rules. Today, for example:

• a British Prince of Wales would lose his status The Act of Settlement is an act of the Parliament of England, originally filed in 1700, and passed in 1701, to settle the succession to the English throne on the Electress Sophia of Hanover—a granddaughter of James I—and her Protestant heirs. The act was later extended to Scotland as a result of the Treaty of Union , enacted in the Acts of as heir apparent if he became a Catholic, or married a Catholic.
• a Crown Prince/Princess of Sweden would lose heir apparent status if they marry without approval of the monarch or, contrary to Swedish law, married the heir to another throne.
• a Dutch Prince or Princess of Orange would lose status as heir to the throne if they married without the approval of the Dutch parliament, or simply renounced the right.
• a Spanish Prince of Asturias would lose status if he married against the express prohibition of the monarch or the Cortes.
• a Belgian Crown Prince or Princess would lose heir apparent status if they married without the consent of the monarch, or became monarch of another country.

Heirs apparent who never inherited the throne

• Richard, Duke of Bernay, second son of William I of England William the Conqueror , also known as William I of England, was the King of England from Christmas, 1066 until his death. He was also William II, Duke of Normandy, from 3 July 1035 until his death. Before his conquest of England, he was known as "William the Bastard" (French: Guillaume le Bâtard) because of the illegitimacy of his birth. Killed in a riding accident in the New Forest The New Forest is an area of southern England which includes the largest remaining tracts of unenclosed pasture land, heathland and forest in the heavily-populated south east of England. It covers south-west Hampshire and extends into south-east Wiltshire.
• William Adelin (1103–1120) was the only legitimate son of King Henry I of England Henry I was the fourth son of William I of England. He succeeded his elder brother William II as King of England in 1100 and defeated his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, to become Duke of Normandy in 1106. He was called Beauclerc for his scholarly interests and Lion of Justice for refinements which he brought about in the administrative and, who drowned in the White Ship The White Ship , a twelfth-century vessel, sank in the English Channel near the Normandy coast off Barfleur, on 25 November 1120. Those drowned included William Adelin, the only legitimate son of King Henry I of England. William of Malmesbury wrote: "Here also perished with William, Richard, another of the King's sons, whom a woman without disaster off the coast of Barfleur in the English Channel The English Channel is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Great Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. It is about 560 km (350 mi) long and varies in width from 240 km (150 mi) at its widest, to only 34 km (21 mi) in the Strait of Dover. It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of in 1120. His cousin Stephen allegedly left the ship at the last minute before it sailed. As a direct result of William's death, Stephen later usurped the English throne from William's sister Matilda, leading to the period known as the Anarchy The Anarchy or The Nineteen-Year Winter refers to a period of English history during the reign of King Stephen, which was characterised by civil war and unsettled government. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes it as a time during which "Christ and his saints slept".
• Edward, the Black Prince (1330–1376) was the eldest son of King Edward III of England Edward III was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Restoring royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father, Edward II, Edward III went on to transform the Kingdom of England into the most efficient military power in Europe. His reign saw vital developments in legislature and government—in particular the, and victor of the Battle of Poitiers. He died before his father, who was instead succeeded by the Black Prince's son Richard II Richard II was the eighth King of England of the House of Plantagenet. He ruled from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Richard was a son of Edward, the Black Prince and was born during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. At the age of four, Richard became second in line to the throne when his older brother Edward of Angoulême died, and.
• Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales (1453–1471)was the only son of King Henry VI of England Henry VI was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and controversial King of France from 1422 to 1453. Until 1437, his realms were governed by regents. Contemporaneously, he was described as a peaceful and pious man, not suited for the harsh nature of the struggles facing him. His periods of insanity and his inherent. His father was deposed in 1461 and restored to the throne in 1470. Edward was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury The Battle of Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire, which took place on 4 May 1471, completed one phase of the Wars of the Roses in 1471.
• Arthur, Prince of Wales Arthur, Prince of Wales was the first son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and therefore, heir to the throne of England and Wales. As he predeceased his father, Arthur never became king. At Henry VII's death, the throne passed to Arthur's younger brother, who became King Henry VIII (1486–1502) was the eldest son of King Henry VII of England Henry VII was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the House of Tudor and first husband of Catherine of Aragon. His sudden death within four months of his marriage passed the succession to his younger brother, Henry VIII, who also married his widow. The question of whether Catherine had lost her virginity to Arthur was central to Henry's later demand for a marriage annulment, which led to the Protestant Reformation in England.
• Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (1594–1612) - eldest son of King James I
• Louis, le grand Dauphin (1661–1711) was the son of Louis XIV, King of France and of Navarre. He died before his father, and the throne eventually went to the Grand Dauphin's grandson who became Louis XV
• Yinreng (1674–1725) — Yinreng was an heir apparent to the imperial throne of Qing Dynasty of China. Yinreng was deprived of his position twice by the Kangxi Emperor.
• Louis, Dauphin and Duke of Burgundy (1682–1712) was the eldest son of Louis, le grand dauphin, and grandson of Louis XIV. He died of measles less than a year after his father. His son, Louis XV, ultimately succeeded Louis XIV
• Frederick, Prince of Wales (1707–1751) was the Prince of Wales and heir apparent of George II of Great Britain. He died in 1751, nine years before his father.
• Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765) was the son of Louis XV, King of France and Navarre. He died before his father, and the throne eventually went to his son, who became Louis XVI
• Crown Prince Sado of Joseon (Korea) (1735–1762) was heir apparent to King Yeongjo of Joseon (Korea). Because of his lifelong erratic behavior, his father forced him to commit suicide by locking him in a rice chest, where he died in a span of 8 days. Sado's son succeeded his grandfather as King Jeongjo of Joseon.
• Louis-Antoine, Dauphin and Duke of Angoulême (1775–1844) was eldest son and heir apparent of King Charles X of France. Charles, however, abdicated, as did Louis himself, in favour of Louis' nephew the young Henri, only for the throne to be seized by a cousin, King Louis-Philippe of France in 1830.
• Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1810–1842), eldest son of Louis-Philippe of France; a popular young liberal, died in a carriage accident six years before his father's overthrow.
• Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant (1859–1869), was the only legitimate son of King Leopold II of Belgium, who died from pneumonia, after falling into a pond.
• Philippe, comte de Paris (1838–1894), eldest son of Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans was heir apparent to his grandfather Louis-Philippe after his father's death. Attempts to put him on the throne after Louis Philippe's abdication were unsuccessful, and he became known as the Orléanist pretender.
• William, Prince of Orange (1843–1879) was the eldest son of William III of the Netherlands by his first wife. Forbidden by his father to marry his chosen bride, he lived a life of debauchery in Paris and predeceased his father.
• Alexander, Prince of Orange (1851–1884), third son of William III of the Netherlands by his first wife, died ,of typhus, before his father.
• Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria (1858–1889) was the only son of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. He committed suicide with his mistress in 1889.
• Crown Prince Luís Filipe of Portugal (1887–1908) was heir apparent to King Carlos. The joint assassination of the king and his heir apparent in 1908 left the throne to the teenage Manuel II of Portugal. Portugal became a republic in 1910.
• Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia (1904–1918) was the youngest child and only son of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, and heir apparent to the Russian throne. When Nicholas abdicated in March 1917, he also abdicated in the name of his son, which was, in effect, against the law in Russia. However the monarchy was abolished days later, so it made no difference. Alexei was murdered in 1918 along with the rest of his family. For years, many people believed he escaped his killers, since his body hadn't been found. His body, and the bodies of one his sisters, the rest of his family, and his servant were found in 2007.^[3]
• Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples (b. 1937) became crown prince of Italy after his father ascended to the throne as Umberto II. His father lost the throne one month later.
• Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (b. 1939) was the son of Zog I who the Italians expelled two days after Leka's birth.
• Crown Prince Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta (b. 1943) as the son of Tomislav II of Croatia, abdicated due to the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces, when Amedeo was only two weeks old.
• Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia (b. 1945) as the son of Peter II, the Communists deposed when Alexander was only a few months old.
• Paras, Crown Prince of Nepal (b. 1971), his father was deposed when Nepal became a republic in 2008.

Heirs apparent as of 2010

Notes

1. ^ Proclamations of Accessions of British Sovereigns (1547-1952)
2. ^ "King James’ Parliament: The succession of William and Mary - begins 13/2/1689", The History and Proceedings of the House of Commons: volume 2: 1680-1695 (1742), pp. 255-77. [1] Accessed: 16 February 2007.
3. ^ BBC NEWS | Europe | Tsar's lost children identified

Categories: Monarchy | Inheritance | Heirs apparent

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